IT Professionalism in Finland

"Professionalism is a powerful quality. It allows you to fulfill your role to the best of your ability. It helps you to impress and inspire others. And it gives you a deep sense of satisfaction and self-worth." - MindTools 

https://unsplash.com/photos/5fNmWej4tAA

In IT the knowledge and experience of several types of programs and programming languages comes handy. It’s like in real world too, the more you know the better and what comes learning multiple different languages, that’s great.

Nowadays technology has became even bigger part of our daily life and also replaced many of our jobs too. IT which stand for information technology is major part of it. Everyday there is created new and easier ways to handle things and also softwares that we use, are developed to be more and more effectives. The problem with it is that we are not born with the skills and knowledge of IT. We have to learn it by ourselves and what's the better way to learn than listen professionals like highly educated teachers. Nowadays professionalism comes in several shapes and it is hard to describe. I think professionalism is set of various skills and also ability to share your knowledge and experiences to others. Depending on a field different skills and knowledge is needed, sometimes we are luckily able to combine different skills and knowledge to achieve better results too. According to Piia Vilander the most needed and valued skills that was needed in IT in year 2015 were communication skills and networking, internationality and also marketing skills.

In Finland IT has been one of the popular fields all the time, Finnish people have always been interested in technology and especially in designing. Finland is famous of Linux by Linus Torvalds, Nokia, anti-virus development like McAfee , game development like Angry Birds from Rovio and many others. There is almost endless possibilities in IT field in Finland, in the job market they are searching all the time people for developing, testing and design purposes. 

Almost in every university or university in applied sciences you are able to learn/choose something that is related to IT. In general or more in specific way.

The courses are separated into different fields, there are for example business information technology,  software and systems engineering, computer applications, cyber security  etc. According to Barona in 2018 there was stated that there is around 1600 people to be trained for IT-field per year in Finland, now in 2021 it’s probably much more. But still it's not enough. According to Helsinki Times many Finnish companies are interested in hiring specialist people from overseas to fill their positions and help bring the technology field to life. Many companies do, however, have a hard time finding workers from overseas as most of those workers don't speak Finnish or are reluctant to move due to concerns regarding the strained housing market

Personally I haven’t been studying IT in Finland but according to my other studying experiences there I believe the level of IT studies in Finland are very high level too.

A lot has changed during past 20 years and what comes to IT, the core idea has stayed the same but the devices, the ways we use it and what for we used has changed a lot.

I think how IT professionalism is changed in Finland is that is nowadays so called professionals share their information more and are willing to train people more that it used to be. Before people had to search more information by themselves from internet or from library.

Sources:

https://blog.barona.fi/it-alan-osaajamarkkina-nyt-ja-tulevaisuudessa (published 11.11.2019, accessed 18.03.2021)

https://ahkfinnland.de/fi/tietopankki/ajankohtaista/news-details-fi/it-ala-suomen-viennin-kaerjessae (published 26.03.2020, accessed 18.03.2021)

https://www.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/87538/Vilander_Piia.pdf?sequence=1 (published 2015, accessed 18.03.2021)

https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/professionalism.htm (accessed 21.03.2021)

Treat others the way you want to be treated.

 

”Netiquette" is network etiquette, the do's and don'ts of online communication. Netiquette covers both common courtesy online and the informal "rules of the road" of cyberspace.”

 - Virginia Shea

The internet is dichotomous environment, it has a lot of positive vibes and reactions, but then there is also the people who doesn’t care and doesn’t know how to behave.

Like in every situation we have a some kind of patterns and rules how to behave and how not, I think it’s important to have same kind of set of rules in the online environment too.

When reading about the Netiquette by Virginia Shea I think the one of the most important point is the ”Adhere to the same standards of behavior online that you follow in real life”

That people would remember who they are, their powers and knowledge, the people behind the screens and that everyone has feelings.

Think Before You Post EQ9xn3cWoAEuL4y.jpg

People should think what they post online and also how and where they do it. Every platform have their own audience and people who see and are able to react to the post.

For example the post that the person writes to Facebook might get more publicity and reactions than a post in Instagram, it also depends the target audience a lot.

The way how you write and express yourself online is a critical point too when publishing something public, because everyone might not understand what did you originally mean and this can lead a huge misunderstandings, which are pretty usually in the web.

In real life people are more careful of their actions and their opinions but in web, where they are not so easily to be identified, they might forget all the manners and think that they can behave and say whatever they like. Luckily nowadays this kind of behavior has decreased a lot from what it used to be and people have learned more how to behave also online, but there will always be those who don't want to agree with these rules. If everyone would follow the rules of Netiquette and respect others also in the web we wouldn't have major problems like cyberbullying and fake news.

Also nowadays the security and the surveillance has increased in the web, for example Youtube is checking and controlling the videos and comments that are created and one good example from Finland (the only one that I'm familiar with) are the effective internet police officers (Nettipoliisi), whose work is to go around these popular social media platforms and report of any malicious action.

There is many examples in the popular social media platforms, like Facebook, Youtube and Instagram (that I personally use daily), where you are able to see the variety of people’s opinions and how they affect to others.

One hot topic currently is the use of masks and to take or not to take the vaccine for COVID-19.

My Facebook is full of different kind of posts, where people are arguing the pros and cons about the current situation. Some even call that the whole COVID-19 is based on a conspiracy theory, for example that it’s happening because of 5G or the previous actions of Bill Gates.

Often when surfing around internet and especially some places where some kind of chat or forum is involved I feel like people forget easily that there is another human being front of the screen.

I personally think that the Netiquette should be more shared and that everyone should read it at least once. Maybe in someday it’s made a compulsory piece of reading in high school or even before you are able to access internet.

Sources:

http://albion.com/netiquette/ (accessed 11.03.2021)

https://allianceforscience.cornell.edu/blog/2020/04/covid-top-10-current-conspiracy-theories/ (published 20.04.2020,accessed 11.03.2021))

Copyleft

  

   ”Copyleft is a method for making a software program free, while requiring that all modified and extended versions of the program also be free, and released under the same terms and conditions. When an open source software project is published with a copyleft license, other developers have the right to use, modify, and share the work as long as the reciprocity obligation is maintained.” - Goldstein, Whitesource, 2019

Copyleft logo

 (5D7DED5101BCF9490ABD4FA6DE2EF61FF07D67D0_large.jpg)

Even thought the copyleft is and sounds pretty free concept it has its own strict rules too and for that there is created several of versions and concepts of the Copyleft. Some of the licenses are more permissive than the others. The Copyleft can be classically divided in to four categories; strong and weak ones and also full and part-licenses too. The strong copyright as it's name already says is strong and requires strict license following, where the weak one is not so strict and the user is able to link it to the other licenses for example. What comes to the full and part-licenses, they describe does the particular license affect to the whole software or only to part of it.

In practical copyleft-licenses gives more freedom to create, distribute and develop the software or product, not alone but with the help of others. Gives more freedom for the user and a possibility to change it the way he likes it to view and use. The usefulness of open source is not based only on the exploitation of open source but on reciprocal interaction with open source communities.

A software licence defines what users are allowed to do with the software, possible restrictions to the use, obligations and responsibilities. The aim of the lisence is to protect both developers and users — it gives the license specific rights and it may also include limitations of liability, warranties and warranty disclaimers. Software that is published without a license is legally unusable, because no usage rights are granted by a license. Therefore, it is extremely important to define a license for a software if the software is distributed and not for internal or private use only.

The selection of the right copyleft license depends most of all the purpose of the software, impact and what it’s used for. In many of my sources there was pointed out that it is very important to understand the main differences between different licenses instead of just picking a random license that sounds good. The first step is to understand different license types, and choose a license type that best fits to the needs of the software project and it’s purpose.

"If you ask most developers, they’ll say they want a copyleft, because they want to avoid their work being co-opted or exploited (or even “hijacked”)." - Cartwright, Free Software Magazine, 2008

List of different copylefts and example of them:

Licenses with strong copyleft

• The GNU General Public License - WordPress, Wikipedia 
• The Affero GPL (the extra strong) - Peertube (a free and open-source video platformthat uses peer-to-peer technology to reduce load on individual servers when viewing videos.)

Licenses with weak copyleft 

• The GNU Lesser General Public License - 

  VLC media player (a free and open-source, portable, cross-platform media player software, and streaming media server) 

• The Mozilla Public License - Mozilla Firefox (free and open-source web browser)
• The European Union Public License - created on the initiative of and approved by the European Commission in 22 official languages of the European Union.
• Microsoft Public License and Reciprocal Public License -

Non-copyleft (permissive) licenses 

• The BSD license - Django (high-level Python Web framework that is a set of components that provide a standard way to develop websites fast and easily.)
• The Apache license - IntelliJ IDEA (

  integrated development environment (IDE) written in Java for developing computer software

  )
• The MIT (X11) license - Ruby on Rails (server-side web application framework written in Ruby)

Creative Commons, online content licenses  

(Created more for pictures, videos and articles etc, softwares that uses some of the Creative Commons license are Youtube, Flickr and DeviantART) Those Creative Commons licenses can be divided into next categories:

• CC Zero (CC0)
• CC Attribution (CC BY)
• CC Attribution-ShareAlike (CC BY-SA)
• CC Attribution-NoDerivs (CC BY-ND)
• CC Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC)
• CC Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike (CC BY-NC-SA)
• CC Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs (CC BY-NC-ND)

The GNU Free Documentation License created for documents and other text files.

Sources:

https://www.cio.com/article/2400153/how-open-source-licenses-affect-your-business-and-your-developers.html (published 24.01.2012, accessed 04.03.2021)

http://freesoftwaremagazine.com/articles/why_i_choose_copyleft_for_my_projects/ (published 23.09.2008, accessed 04.03.2021)

https://wiki.itcollege.ee/index.php/E-SPEAIT_T6_Computers_and_Laws_II 

https://gofore.com/avoin-avoimempi-copyleft/ (published 08.09.2014, accessed 04.03.2021)

https://www.sofokus.com/fi/blogi/2013/08/01/avoin-lahdekoodi/ (published 01.08.2013, accessed 04.03.2021)

https://fin.afterdawn.com/sanasto/selitys.cfm/copyleft (accessed 04.03.2021)

Reforming Copyrights

The second chapter of ”The Case For Copyright Reform”  written by Rick Falkvinge and Christian Engström in 2012 is straight forward and interesting but doesn't answer to all the needed questions. The chapter’s name is ”A Constructive Proposal For Copyright Reform”.

The main point of the chapter is stated at the very beginning: 

”The Pirate Party does not want to abolish copyright; we want to reform it. We want to keep copyright for commercial purposes, but we want to set all non-commercial copying and use free.”

My first though about it was mostly positive and that it could work, but also when non-commercial usage and copying would be free it just can’t work as it’s meant to be. It sounds too good to be true to everyone basically be able to use material if they somehow prove that they use it for non-commercial. In this case also how do you define what is non-commercial usage and what’s not ? And who makes the decision for it?

They give detailed and interesting overview of the current situation and tell why their proposal would be effective and should be taken in to a careful consideration.

It explains the situation and the idea from and for both parties.

I like the idea of reforming the copyright laws, because noways usually if something is wrong it gets banned pretty easily. I’m happy that they found possible solution for the ”problem”.

Also the concept freedom of information was mentioned at the beginning of the chapter and it’s interesting how some information should be free to use and also to be restricted at the same time. It made me think how the information we share is and should be classified, who decides what is worth of copyright laws and what’s not.

Their proposal was divided and explained well into six points, which were mortal rights unchanged, free non-commercial sharing, 20 years of commercial monopoly, registration after 5 years, free sampling and a ban on Digital Rights Management 

(DRM).

They also state that the peer-to-peer sharing should be legalized. Which is interesting point, because in that it’s easy to break those copyright laws pretty easily and share data/information that shouldn’t be shared.

Question at the end: ”But how will the artists get paid, if file sharing is set free?”  Is tricky one and I think it’s one of the issues that come across while reforming the laws. 

In general I like the proposal and the idea they proposed that there should be created a specific business model for it to work properly and I agree with that. Without special agreements and arrangements it wouldn’t work as its meant.

Review of the Challenges of the global information society

"Challenge - The situation of being faced with something that needs great mental or physical effort in order to be done successfully and therefore tests a person's ability” - Cambridge Dictionary  

The tittle “Challenges of the global information society” serves the text more than well. It tells the reader already what subject the text is going to handle. It's written by Pekka Himanen in 2004. The text was prepared for the Finnish Parliment's Committee for the Future and it discusses about the current status,  future issues and development opportunities of Finnish information society in 2004. The original report, on which Himanen's report is based was focused on the challenges related to the reform of the “Finnish model”, which is a combination of the welfare society and the information society. The review is written in 2004 and at the beginning of the text it’s said that most of the predicted to happen before and/or the year 2010. The text includes multiple sections, graphical maps, charts and detailed lists.

Pekka Himanen, author (himanen.png)

It was highlighted that there is a clear difference between the terms information society and information network and also internet program. First in the information society they try to focus on improving technology and also focusing how to operate them in different ways. At first the global trends of 2004 was introduced, for example “increased international tax competition”,“the rise of bio-industries” and “the new global division of labour”.
Now in 2021, when thinking about those three trends mentioned before, they have actually became true. The tax competition has increased all over the world, bio-industries and bio-culture has become a massive part of our life - everyday we try to separate our garbages and buy more eco-friendly clothes and other items. Last but not least the labour have indeed transferred more and more to cheaper countries like China and India. Companies benefit this a lot, when they don’t have to pay for the production as much as they would pay in their countries. Of course it affects to the quality of their products and the working circumstances for the cheap workers are not the best even still in 2021.
In short, the idea of the information society can be defined as a creative society that is based on interaction. What is most important to the information society is not new technology but a new way of doing things. After describing the global trends is told the possible future development scenarios for them, main differences and how the leading areas are responding to these challenges in their own way.
According to the text there is three dynamic models in terms of technology and economy, those are the Silicon Valley model, the Singapore model and the Finnish model. All these models have their good sides but also they have several issues with them too, for example the Silicon Valley model is full of opportunities but if you don’t have enough money then you are in trouble. In tax based Singapore model the whole company is moved out of the original city because of the taxes, for example to China and by that it leaves a huge blank spot to the economy. The other problems mentioned in the Singapore model is lack of freedom, which is mostly controlled by the government. In the Finnish model the main risk is the envy of society.
Then the text describes also well the values of reforming the general European model. The basis for the continued combination of the welfare and the information society are explained briefly in the text and told their impact to welfare and information society. Those possible basis values are care, confidence, communality, encouragement, freedom, creativity, courage, visionaries, balance and meaningfulness. There is described well in each section how different elements affect to the general atmosphere, like the restrictions on freedom and creativity create an atmosphere of control. After the brief descriptions of the basic values in different sections, there is presented simple pyramid scheme of these values from the psychological perspective. This pyramid shows that we can affect to our choices and quality of life.
The next chapter tells about the key concepts of social development, which are a creative economy, a creative welfare society, humanly meaningful development and global culture. The main purpose of these key elements are described in their own sections and what kind of actions should be taken to consideration to respond the global trends.
It includes great and detailed graphs which helps the reader to understand more the key elements of the text and gives a possibility to go in depth with the subject.

”Interaction between IT, culture and welfare will also generate completely new opportunities.”

”If people feel that work is nothing but a miserable duty and that the main point is to fulfill orders, they do not feel a creative pas- sion towards their work, and yet this passion would make it possible for the company to continually improve its operations and stay ahead of the competition.”

The review shows well how everything is connected to everything and lack of something affects always somehow, either negatively or positively to other elements. To maintain the state of welfare society, there is need of new ways of promoting it as socially, mentally, physically and culturally balanced development. 
Furthermore the review discusses about social balance, mental balance, physical balance and cultural balance - their purposes, consequences of lack of them and possible development ways.

”Having more exercise would have a considerable positive effect not only on the health of those who exercise, but also on society’s welfare expenses as a whole. ”
”The maintenance of our creative culture also requires such a more open-minded culture. ”

Next Himanen writes about the importance of culture and immigration. The importance to stay open for everyone, having no prejudges and maintain good international relationships. He reminds that everyone should have given a possibility to live where they want to live and feel like home without any harassment. People should focus more into caring and sustainable development. 

Last paragraph discusses about reciprocity and justice. The main purposes of these are caring and sustainable the development. It was mentioned in the text that people should pay more attention to consider globalization to be a reciprocal process from which they could benefit but for which they must give something in turn too.
In the end there is an text written by Dr Paula Tiihonen and it’s about the committee for the future. What it is and how they operate. The committee is one of the Parliament of Finland’s 15 standing committees and it had 17 members in 2004. They analyse Finland's future, and the environment which will determine that future, from a broad perspective, in a longer-term time frame. The committee has a long and colorful history behind it and they have several different tasks to do, for example to make statements to other parliamentary committees as required on future-related issues and to undertake analyses pertaining to future-related research and IT methodology 
The review gives a wide and detailed descriptions of the situation in 2004 and well-explained future vision, what would probably come true and also what should be done to achieve them. It discusses about several aspects of the current situation of 2004 and the possibilities that there can be achieved in the future if everything is planned and organized properly.
 


Sources:
https://web.archive.org/web/20170221105053/https://www.eduskunta.fi/FI/tietoaeduskunnasta/julkaisut/Documents/tuvje_1+2004.pdf
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/challenge

Influence of Facebook

 ”New media is any media – from newspaper articles and blogs to music and podcasts – that are delivered digitally.” - Cote, Southern New Hampshire University 2020

New media is always changing and giving us new ways to develop ourselves and maintain our relationships. Facebook one of the largest social media platforms with 2.8 billion users in 2020 and gives us plenty of possibilities to use our free time. Before digging too deeply on the impact and purpose of Facebook I would like to start by exploring the time before Facebook.

Facebook (photo-1563986768494-4dee2763ff3f)

In my opinion before Facebook people used to socialize more and have more face-to-face meetings with each others. They used to call more to each others and even visit just to change few words. I remember when I was kid and I walked couple kilometers to my friend’s home just to ask if they have time to play with me even I didn’t know are they home even.

Before Facebook people were using traditional communication tools and more different social media platform to share content and entertain themselves. Back then Friendster, Myspace and Second Life among others were popular but so many people wasn’t as engaged with them and didn’t share their daily stuff as much as they do nowadays with Facebook.

”On February 4, 2004, a Harvard sophomore named Mark Zuckerberg launches The Facebook, a social media website he had built in order to connect Harvard students with one another. By the next day, over a thousand people had registered, and that was only the beginning.” - History.com

After launching Facebook and it started to spread, first from university to university and then across the world, becoming not only an incredibly valuable company but also one of the most important institutions of the early 21st century. The site (originally called Facemash) grew in size and students from other colleges and high schools were allowed to join. In September 2006, the site was opened up for everyone to register. Like other sites, you can put up your own profile and share pictures and videos. However, Facebook has a clever system of networks and groups that you can belong to. Many of these are based around college and work networks but there are quirky common interest groups.

Facebook and its Messenger have made our communication to more efficient level than it used to be on it’s own way, it gives us a possibility to send messages fast and share our ideas immediately when we get them. Helps to maintain our relationships to our long-distance friends and relatives.
First Facebook’s main purpose was to connect the students of Harvard but then like all good inventions it started to spread and people got to know about it fast. 
Simplelearn.com listed that people share their information to entertain others, define theirselves, to grow and nourish theirs relationships. To get to know about different brands and to write reviews on them.

 Nowadays the personal engagement and social interactions are the core purposes of Facebook. It’s build to be addictive and entertaining. It’s a place we want to open again and again to keep on track of everything. 

Even thought Facebook has brought a lot of good changes to our daily even hourly life it has brought plenty of downsides too. These are isolation, jealousy, strong addiction, cyberbullying and lack of privacy among others.

The burning question here is, is Facebook connecting us more or just tearing us apart ?

Sources:
https://www.statista.com/statistics/264810/number-of-monthly-active-facebook-users-worldwide/ (accessed 15.02.2021)
https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/facebook-launches-mark-zuckerberg (accessed 13.02.2021, published 24.10.2019)
https://www.simplilearn.com/real-impact-social-media-article (accessed 13.02.2021, published 04.02.2021)
https://www.snhu.edu/about-us/newsroom/2020/02/what-is-new-media (accessed 13.02.2021, published 24.02.2020)
https://blogs.unimelb.edu.au/sciencecommunication/2018/09/07/how-facebook-has-changed-the-way-we-socialize/ (accessed 13.02.2021, published 07.09.2018)
https://medium.com/@lisa_jewell/facebook-fad-or-the-future-4a69c9305482 (accessed 15.02.2021, published 17.08.2019)

When one door closes, another opens

Many of the early technology products and services have became obsolete and been replaced by other products. In addition to the replaced devices there is still plenty of products that have survived the though test of time.

I've selected VHS as an example of a device that has become almost obsolete and been replaced with modern option. Door is as a perfect example of a device/product that has survived through the decades with only small adjustments to it.

VHS -> DVD -> Netflix and other streaming services

Video Home System (VHS) is an electronic system used for recording and playing video and audio on videocassettes. You are able to view and record VHS by using videocassette recorders (VCR). The first  commercially viable videotape recorder (VCR) was released in 1956 by Ampex company. The VCR was big, expensive and difficult to use.

Video Home System (VHS) tapes became popular in 1980 and almost every household had a VCR to use.

                                                VHS and  VCR (960x0.jpg?fit=scale)

”The heyday came in the 1980s and and ’90s, when VCRs exploded in popularity. The number of households with VCRs climbed from 14 percent in 1985 to 66 percent in 1990, according to Nielsen data. VCR penetration peaked at about 90 percent of households in 2005.” - Overly, The Washington News 2016

VHS tapes started phasing slowly out in 1996 when DVDs were invented and started to take the role of the mainstream choice.

Digital Video Disk (DVD) was introduced to the general public in 1996.

DVD offered optional ads for the interested ones, better quality content, additional content and considerably more storage space than VHS. DVDs are widely used for storing and viewing movies and other data. Biggest manufacturers are Sony and and Philips.

The movie Twister became the first feature film put on DVD on March 25, 1996.

After DVD’s came today’s streaming services where you are able to watch content when and where ever you want. Most of the streaming services are paid subscriptions. Popular streaming services are for example Netflix, Disney Plus and HBO. Before you used to go to a video rental store to choose an evening entertainment, now you can do it instantly from your own couch with a streaming service.

”Netflix introduced streaming services in 2007. In 2013, “House of Cards,” the first Netflix-produced show premiered. Today some of the world's most beloved shows — including "Orange Is the New Black," "Bloodline," "Stranger Things, and "Master of None" — are Netflix productions.” - Lamare, 2018

                                 Online Streaming Service Netflix (photo-1586899028174-e7098604235b)

Online streaming services gives the user the freedom of choice to select the movie or series he wants. Back then it wasn’t a big problem if the quality dropped for a while with VHS, everyone was used to it. Nowadays if the video quality is lower than HD and stops even for a second everything is ruined. People is used for too good.

A Door

”No one knows who invented the door, only that it was first incepted somewhere in central Egypt.” - Medium, 2019

”It is on these tombs that the earliest known doors were installed as far back as 2000 B.C. These ancient tomb doors were made of a single, unframed door slab and engraved with images of what the society then imagined the afterlife to look like.” - Westerman, WCMANET 

                                                 Doors (photo-1506636366880-b083d2cb2f34)

People have always appreciate privacy and safety, luckily doors have always been there for us. They give us security and safety by locking our homes with locking mechanisms, ensuring that only people who has the right key is able to access. Doors saves our private conversations and well everyone know what happens behind locked doors. Nowadays every building has at least one door for entrance, every room has a door/-s and even a place where we keep our foods has a specific door. There are various types of doors and ways they open.

”Doors have been symbolic and evolved stylistically in various cultures for centuries.” - Medium 2019

I believe doors will always be among us in one shape or another. In the future they will be more automated and use more biometric technology and also artificial intelligence to recognize the incoming person.

Sources:

https://medium.com/@sburiek/the-history-of-doors-a-travel-through-time-a058b5fbca66 (published ,accessed 03.02.2021)

https://www.wcmanet.org/history-of-doors/ (published ,accessed 03.02.2021)

https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/innovations/wp/2016/07/22/rip-to-the-vcr/ (published 22.06.2016, accessed 03.02.2021)

https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/d/dvd.htm (published 02.06.2020, accessed 08.02.2021)

https://www.theskimm.com/news/video-streaming-services-history-3fDiXiz45r1eyqQhBNUQo2 (published 22.12.2019, accessed 08.02.2021)

https://www.businessofbusiness.com/articles/a-brief-history-of-video-streaming-by-the-numbers/ (published 31.07.2018, accessed 08.02.2021)

https://www.forbes.com/sites/brittanyhodak/2016/07/23/rip-vhs-worlds-last-vcr-to-be-made-this-month/?sh=72c2e5d923da (published 23.07.2016, accessed 08.02.2021)